Throughout the interior spaces of humans and other warm-blooded creatures is a special type of tissue known as brown fat, which may hold the secret to diets and weight-loss programs of the future.
Unlike ordinary “white” fat, in which the body stores excess calories, brown fat can burn calories to heat up the body. It’s one of the things that helps keep wild critters warm on cold nights.
Investigating how brown fat works in mice, a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco has uncovered what may be a holdover from our evolutionary past: in response to cold, tiny immune cells known as macrophages can switch on the brown fat, inducing it to burn energy to make heat.
Prior to this research, published last month in the journal Nature, scientists had assumed that brown fat metabolism was completely controlled by the brain. But the UCSF research suggests that the immune system plays a backup role in this process—a legacy, perhaps, of some ancient ancestral creature whose metabolic and immune systems were much more intertwined.
“This is a very important secondary system that the body uses to provide a backup for the thermal stress response,” said Ajay Chawla, MD, PhD, an associate professor at UCSF’s Cardiovascular Research Institute who led the research. “It raises the possibility that we can perhaps modulate this program and enhance it in humans to rev up metabolism.”
Immune Cells Found Inside Brown Fat
The modern human immune system relies on these macrophages to gobble up bacteria, helping protect us against infection. Macrophages were never known to play a role in metabolism, but the evidence Chawla and his colleagues gathered suggests otherwise.
Using brown fat to burn calories and produce heat is one of the ways that mammals maintain thermoregulation—an essential adaptation that defines warm blooded creature and enables them to thrive in the face of challenging environmental extremes. Not all animals share this ability.
Many animals, like lizards, are “cold blooded” or exothermic. They maintain their body temperature through completely external means, sunbathing at certain times of the day and huddling in warm, protective places at night. This naturally limits their range and explains why lizards, so abundant in tropical climates, are far rarer in cold climates.
Mammals, on the other hand, are “warm-blooded” or endothermic. They produce heat internally by a variety of means: shivering, sweating, regulating the size of their blood vessels and burning off excess calories in brown fat.
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